A VERY EARLY NAVIGATOR

If you were to stand on the very top of this ship and cast your eyes around 360 degrees, for the past three days, you would see only a circle of open sea in all directions, no ships, no land, no sea life. Imagine venturing out into this great unknown in canoes like the Polynesians did in the Pacific Ocean or in sailing ships with very rudimentary navigational equipment venturing out into the Atlantic Ocean, south to find a way around Africa as Diaz did or west to find India as Columbus did.

The Naval Historian presented an interesting lecture today on the first navigators of the World with reference to the usual ones from our Western history lessons: Great sea explorers like Bartolomeu Diaz, Francis Drake, Christopher Columbus, and Ferdinand Magellan. But the first great sea explorer referred to today was China’s Zheng He. 

On an earlier cruise to China four years ago, I had also researched this remarkable sea explorer and included the report which I have repeated below. Almost a hundred years earlier than the exploits of the Spanish and Portuguese, this remarkable navigation from China west to Africa had been achieved.

“By the start of the 15th century, China had thrown off its earlier Mongol ruling regime and a new dynasty had commenced, the Ming dynasty, which would rule until 1644. A key concept that undergirded authority in China was the idea of the “mandate of heaven,” a concept that went back to the 4th century B.C. and was introduced by Confucian scholars. The heavenly mandate meant that when a ruler or a dynasty ruled in accordance with the laws of harmony in nature, its virtue would produce prosperity, well-being, and a government that was good for the people at large. We could do with some of that philosophy in the 21st Century!

By contrast, rulers whose misrule violated the mandate of heaven would bring down social disorder and natural disasters: floods, famines, plagues. After the disruptions that had passed under previous Mongol rule, the Ming dynasty prized stability and order—deeply Confucian values. The name of the emperor, Yongle, meant “perpetual happiness.” At this time, Ming China had the most wealth and population of any economy in the world. At this time, China presented a dramatic contrast with Europe—an advanced civilization compared to a society that remained relatively primitive. 

The Ming dynasty was not isolated or intellectually incurious, and its earliest rulers were adventurous. Emperor Yongle fought against the Mongols, invaded Vietnam, and ordered his great admiral, Zheng He, to launch a series of voyages across the Indian Ocean. At the orders of his emperor, Zheng He sailed on seven voyages throughout Asia. The first of these took place in 1405 and the last in 1433. The fleets sailed to Malacca, Java, Sumatra in Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Siam, India, the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, Somalia, Zanzibar, and perhaps, Kenya.

These fleets must have been imposing to see! Along with many smaller boats were the great treasure ships, 400 feet long with up to nine masts, watertight bulkheads, multiple cabins and decks, and huge crews. Europeans at this point had nothing that could compare. The voyages had many different purposes, but common to all was the projection of an image of power throughout the region to impress the claims to China’s centrality and the emperor’s authority.

In 1433, these diplomatic voyages were stopped. What if the fleets had continued and had ranged even further? What if they had rounded the southern tip of Africa and continued westward to discover the American continents? Or what if they had headed beyond Java to come at new worlds from the east? A tantalising prospect in the history of World discovery!

Why were the voyages discontinued? First, Zheng, he died in 1433. A tomb exists today in his hometown of Nanjing, but it is empty and, for many years, was all but forgotten. Economic pressures may also have played a role as internal improvements made domestic trade more profitable than speculative overseas trade. The real point of the voyages was to awe with what we today would call “soft power”: the glory, impressiveness, and riches of Chinese culture, which the imperial elite saw as central to the world as a whole. The expeditions were about confirming something that was already known: the universal authority of the Chinese emperor and China’s civilization. So, with the imperial Chinese authority so dramatically vindicated the mission of the voyages was accomplished.”

From: The Great Courses - Turning Points in History

The other question we should ask is, “Why did we ignore this particular piece of history in the teaching of the early explorers of the New World of the 15th Century?” In my opinion, it is more evidence of systemic racism towards China following the British, French and Portuguese invasion and colonisation of parts of China, of the treatment of the Chinese on our goldfields  in the 1850s, and our White Australia Policy only so recently overturned. Of course, we should also admire the navigational skills of the Polynesians in the Pacific or the story of Australian Aborigines who somehow found their way here more than 60,000 years ago.